SAE Newsletter – September 2025, Volume 16, Issue 3, Mizan 1404

Table of Contents

1. Message from the Editor-In-Chief
2. President’s Greetings
3. Message from the Chairperson of the Board of Directors
4. SAE Performance Report (June-September 2025)
5. News From Kabul
6. Online Education Initiatives for Afghan Students
7. Afghan Architecture Studio Classes for students in Afghanistan
8. Interview with Arch. Soraya Hessami
9. Climate Change and Its Impact on Water Resources in Afghanistan, A Comprehensive Review, [Part-I of II] By: Dr. Gul Afghan Saleh
10. A Comparison of Property Rights in the United States of America (USA) and Afghanistan, By: Eng. Hamida Miller
11. A Hidden Architectural and Historic Treasure, Qala-e-Bost, By: Arch. Tooba Roshan
12. Readers’ Comments and Responses
13. Job Opportunities
14. Membership Application Renewal Form
15. The Society of Afghan Engineers Office Holders

Message from the Editor-In-Chief

I am pleased to share the second quarterly update from the Society of Afghan Engineers (SAE) through Volume 16, Issue 3 of the SAE eNewsletter, dated September 30th 2025, which corresponds to Mizan 8th 1404 in the Hijri Shamsi calendar.

Before turning to the main purpose of my message, I would like to acknowledge the tragic earthquake that struck the cities of Kunar and Nangarhar regions this month, claiming countless lives and leaving many more injured. Entire villages and towns were reduced to rubble, displacing thousands of families. I extend my deepest condolences to the victims and survivors of this calamity, and pray to Allah (SWT) to bestow His mercy and blessings upon them.

This issue as usual highlights recent events at SAE and other activities crucial to the professional growth of our members. Featured topics include messages from Mr. Jalal Masumi, President of SAE, and Eng. Abdul Manan Khalid, Chairman of the Board of Directors, and updates on membership. Additionally, we have invited esteemed authors and contributors to share their knowledge and expertise, and I hope our readers find their insights valuable and thought-provoking.

In recent global media coverage highlighting the water crisis and environmental challenges, our country Afghanistan has been placed at the center of escalating environmental challenges, with water scarcity at its core.

Freshwater, once considered abundant in the country, is now becoming dangerously limited due to rapid population growth, climate change, and decades of poor resource management. In Kabul alone, home to more than six million people, the situation is reaching a critical threshold. Aquifers are being drained faster than they can naturally recharge, placing the city on the brink of severe shortages. Studies warn that unless urgent reforms are made to water management practices, Kabul could face catastrophic consequences within the coming decade.

The shortage of water extends far beyond urban areas, threatening food security, energy production, and fragile ecosystems. Agriculture, the backbone of Afghanistan’s economy, consumes the majority of freshwater supplies. Yet recurring droughts, inefficient irrigation systems, and widespread pollution growth are reducing both the availability and quality of this vital resource.

Climate change has further intensified the crisis. Rising temperatures are disrupting natural water cycles, leading to extreme and unpredictable conditions; floods in some regions, prolonged droughts in others. The rapid melting of the glacier in Hind-Kush mountains and shrinking river flows serve as stark reminders of the urgency of the challenge.

Addressing this crisis demands decisive local and national action. Sustainable solutions include investing in water-efficient technologies, protecting wetlands and green spaces, recycling wastewater, harvesting rainwater, and promoting climate-smart agriculture. Equally vital is raising public awareness about responsible water use, as every drop saved strengthens long-term resilience.

Without immediate and coordinated efforts, water scarcity will remain one of Afghanistan’s most pressing environmental challenges, with profound consequences for its people, economy, and future stability.

On this subject, I am deeply grateful to Dr. Gul Afghan Saleh for contributing his thoughtful article which is very timely; “Climate Change and Its Impact on Water Resources in Afghanistan: A Comprehensive Review”. His article addresses the pressing environmental and water crises in the country, offering a clear analysis of the current situation along with valuable recommendations for potential mitigation strategies. Due to its length, we are publishing the main body of the research in this issue as Part I of II, with Part II to follow in the December edition of our newsletter.

We are also pleased to introduce a new interview section titled “Honoring Pioneer Afghan Women Engineers and Architects.” In this issue, I am delighted to feature a joint interview with Arch. Soraya Hessami, an accomplished architect. The interview, conducted by Eng. Jamal Masum and myself, offers valuable insights, and we are sincerely grateful to Mrs. Hessami for generously sharing her time and experiences.

Eng. Hamida Miller article on “Structural Comparison of Property Rights in the United States of America (USA) and Afghanistan,” is informative in her own words: “I can present the topic in a light, engaging style that both inspires and entertains.”

Arch. Tooba Roshan’s writing on “Hidden Architectural and Historic Treasure: Qala-e- Bost,” is truly a treasure and an important contribution to the Afghanistan’s rich historical heritage.

Finally, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Gul Afghan Saleh, Eng. Amanullah Mommandi, and Eng. Abdul Manan Khalid for their dedication and hard work as members of the Editorial Board. I am also deeply thankful to Eng. Jalal Masumi, the President of the society, and Ustad Ghulam Mujtaba, for their unwavering support, which has played a pivotal role in the continued success of this publication.

Bashir Kazimee, AIA
Editor-in-Chief

President’s Greetings

Dear Society Members:

I am privileged and grateful to have the opportunity of connecting with you through this September 2025 Issue of SAE Newsletter.

News of two sad episodes that took place in our homeland, Afghanistan, this quarter were both quite disheartening sparking international news headline. The first was the forced return of more than one million Afghan immigrants from Iran in July. The second was the devastating earthquake that struck the eastern and north eastern provinces, notably Kunar Province, in September. The first involved human suffering and misery caused by inhumane and indecent treatment of the returnees that host country (Iran) authorities exercised. The second, being a natural disaster, however, took the lives of more than 2500 persons.

The two episodes clearly brought pain and grief to all because both involved human suffering. In both situations SAE took action to fulfill moral obligation of extending help by way of monetary donation. It remains for the government authorities to draw “Lessons Learned” outcome from these episodes to improve dealing with such encounters within the domain of public service, and thus better mitigate.

I sincerely pray that our countrymen do not experience such disasters in years to come. Yet, it remains a matter of when rather than whether similar calamity occurs. Nevertheless, call for “God Forbid” is appropriate.

A brief run of SAE activities during 2025 third quarter is presented elsewhere in this Issue of the Newsletter.

Jalal Masumi
President

Message from the Chairperson of the Board of Directors

The Impending Kabul Water Crisis

With the increasing frequency of flooding and destruction across the globe, climate change is undeniably a real and pressing phenomenon. Temperatures are soaring in some parts of the world and plummeting in others. Snowfall has drastically declined in regions that once saw it in abundance, while it is appearing in places with no history of snow.

Urban sprawl is further compounding the crisis, especially in countries like Afghanistan where regulations are often ignored or circumvented. In major cities, hardscapes have expanded without consideration for their impacts on flooding and groundwater recharge. Floor-to-Area Ratio (FAR) standards are often disregarded, and building footprints are stretched to the very edges of their parcels. Setback requirements—front, side, and rear yards—are largely neglected, and the few remaining yards are typically paved over.

The preference for washable, paved yards and clean frontages may seem convenient, but it comes with a heavy cost. The more surfaces we pave, the less opportunity precipitation has to infiltrate the soil and replenish groundwater. As a result, groundwater recharge has sharply declined and, in some areas of Kabul, has nearly ceased altogether. Instead, surface runoff is intensifying, leading to destructive flooding. Wells are being dug deeper and deeper as uncontrolled pumping continues to lower the water table, with no natural recharge to offset the loss.

This escalating shortage of water has become a severe crisis. A recent report warns that Kabul could become the first major city in the world to run out of water. The responsibility falls on us, the experts, to act without delay. We must bring our knowledge and expertise together in conferences and working groups to develop practical, immediate solutions—before the inevitable happens.

I would like to invite the esteemed readers to start thinking about this vital issue and to propose solutions through online seminars, conferences, and papers.

Sincerely,

Abdul Manan Khalid, P.E., LEED (BD+C)
Chairman, SAE Board of Director

SAE Performance Report (June – September 2025)

By SAE President

The few bullet points below constitute brief synopsis of report reflecting SAE activities during the third quarter of 2025, as fit in chronological order as possible.

• In July over one million Afghan immigrants who had sought refuge to Iran as long back as couple of decades ago were forcibly returned to Afghanistan under cruel and quite inhumane treatment by Iranian authorities. In the wake of this awful tragedy, SAE management allocated a modest monetary contribution to pitch in and help, in collaboration with an affiliate organization called Afghanistan Relief Alliance. The integrated and coordinated effort undertaken by several volunteer individuals and groups was handled very admirably, may Allah (SWT) reward them bountifully.

• Afghan Academy, a socio-cultural organization operating in Virginia, held a function on August 23, 2025, to recognize the diverse social and technical involvement that Engineer Sohaila Shekib – a current member and former President and Board chairperson of SAE – has had in the Afghan community residing in Northern Virginia, and Afghanistan. SAE seized the opportunity to acknowledge the significant contributions that Ms. Shekib has rendered as a well-known social personality and qualified professional in engineering services.

• Online education to Afghan youths – who are currently either university students or engaged in engineering practice – continued to be provided by capable and dedicated SAE members in collaboration with logistical support provided by Afghan Education for Better Tomorrow (AEBT).

  • Over a 10-week period, Dr. Gul Afghan Saleh delivered a targeted lecture series addressing the most-demanded construction management techniques and ethical practices, equipping Afghan engineers with critical skills for professional excellence and leadership.
  • Tooba Roshan, Associate AIA, delivered lectures on architecture IBC codes and space planning, and presented a complete architecture design set with project model covering Women Wellness Center. (Sep to Dec 2024 semester).
  • She again delivered architecture IBC code and space planning lectures, and presented a complete architecture design set on Bagh-e-Babur project. (Mar to Sep 2025).

• The catastrophic earthquake that took the lives of more than 2500 of our compatriot Afghans in Kunar and Nangarhar in September, once again obliged SAE to respond. SAE management allocated a modest monetary donation to help in assisting the victims of this natural disaster. The efforts by emergency assistance individuals/groups were outstanding, and very much commended, may Allah (SWT) reward them bountifully.

• As the fall season draws nearer, our SAE is approaching closer to a significant event which is the convening of the Members annual general assembly meeting, or GAM for short. GAM 25 is scheduled to be held on Sunday October 12th in Virginia.

• SAE general assembly meetings over the last four years were held using virtual platforms, driven by public health concern associated with COVID 19 pandemic. GAM 25, however, will be an in-person function. The holding of Afghan architects and engineers’ alumni re-union event – supported by SAE – and planned for Saturday October 11th, proved another contributing reason. Meanwhile, arrangements are planned to enable virtual participation in GAM 25. More info will be shared post-event in the December Issue of SAE Newsletter.

• Through efforts by SAE Resident Representative in Afghanistan and others, several individuals took interest and submitted membership application to join SAE as new members. Welcoming each of them to the Society of Afghan Engineers, we look forward to prospects of mutual benefits derived delivering engineering know-how and service as and when that becomes possible.

New Members

We are pleased to welcome our new members joining the Society of Afghan Engineers (SAE). Your membership demonstrates a true commitment to a community that values collaboration, growth, and mutual support. Within our society, we hope to provide opportunities to connect with like-minded individuals, share ideas, and contribute to the common goals of elevating progress and reconstruction in our beloved Afghanistan.

LAST NAME	FIRST NAME	Application Filed
Majboor	Belquis	Yes, June 2025
Majboor	Kabir	Yes, June 2025
Rahmati	Gulnaz	Yes, June 2025
Habibi	Hamidullah	Yes, July 2025
Sahibzada	M. Shahryar	Yes, July 2025
Sahibzada	M. Anas	Yes, July 2025
Sahibzada	Shoaib	Yes, July 2025
Tawakully	Khaleda	Yes, July 2025
Ghalib	Amanullah	Yes, July 2025
Tamim	Bahadurzai	Yes, July 2025
Ekhlas	Tamana	Yes, July 2025
Sherzad	Redwanullah	Yes, July 2025
Faizi	Mirwais	Yes, July 2025
Faizi	Mumtaz	Yes, Aug 2025
Qaitmas	Noorulhaq	Yes, Aug 2025
Rasikh	Noorullah	Yes, Aug 2025

News From Kabul

By Eng. Walid Howaida
SAE Representative in Afghanistan

In the month of July, 2025, I attended several engineering and architecture online sessions. During this month I introduced/shared seven new member application forms including Mr. Habibi, Chairperson of Afghanistan Building Association (ABA).

On Thursday 24th of July, I participated at the certificate distribution ceremony in Kabul which was organized by Eng, Gulam Feda. I opened the ceremony and during the opening speech I reminded the engineers about the importance and values of the program and appreciated the dedicated trainer’s team in the USA.

Because of the very sensitive situation I decided to distribute the girls’ certificates separately from boys to provide an opportunity for girls to share their feelings with trainer’s team in the USA.

Online Education Initiatives for Afghan Students

Report on AEBT and SAE Joint Education Program (July – September 2025)
By. Ghulam M Feda

The Afghan Education for a Better Tomorrow (AEBT) organization and the Society of Afghan Engineers (SAE) jointly conducted an online education program during the months of July, August, and September 2025. The program was designed to enhance the academic knowledge and practical skills of Afghan male and female engineering students enrolled in universities across Afghanistan.

Program Objectives

The primary objective of these classes was to strengthen the professional capacity of students by offering advanced courses that directly address the challenges and needs of Afghanistan’s infrastructure and engineering development. By providing equal access to both male and female students, the program also contributed to promoting gender equity in higher education.

Subjects and Instructors

The courses and seminars covered a wide range of specialized engineering topics critical for Afghanistan’s academic and professional landscape. These included:

• Construction Management – taught by Dr. Gul Afghan Saleh; focused on modern project planning, resource allocation, and risk management techniques.
• Power System Distribution – taught by Eng. Ghulam Feda; design and operation of efficient electrical distribution networks.
• Hydrology – taught by Eng. Amanullah Mommandi; water flow, resource management, and applications for Afghanistan’s river basins.
• Confined Masonry Construction and Replacement of Damaged Precast Concrete Structures – taught by Eng. Amin Mahmood; rehabilitation and strengthening methods for safer buildings and infrastructure.
• Earthquake and Causes of Earthquake – seminar conducted by Eng. Ghulam Feda; covered the origins of earthquakes, movement of tectonic plates, and earthquake risks in Afghanistan.
• Earthquake Structural Loading and Building Resistance – class taught by Eng. Amin Mahmood; focused on how structures respond to seismic forces and methods for improving earthquake resistance in building design.
• Structural Analysis – taught by Eng. Hafiz Wardak; evaluating stability and load-bearing capacity of buildings and bridges.

Certificates of Completion

As part of this initiative, certificates of completion were awarded to participants who successfully finished the Electrical Engineering course and the International Building Code (IBC) course. These certifications not only recognized their commitment and achievement but also provided them with credentials that can strengthen their academic and professional profiles.

Outcomes and Impact

Through these classes, participants not only gained advanced theoretical knowledge but also learned practical applications relevant to Afghanistan’s reconstruction and development needs. The program created a platform for interactive learning, connecting Afghan students with experienced engineers and educators worldwide.

By focusing on areas such as earthquake resilience, construction safety, energy distribution, and compliance with international standards, the initiative directly contributes to Afghanistan’s long-term infrastructure stability and sustainability.

Afghan Architecture Studio (AAS)

An Online Architecture Program for Afghan Students in Afghanistan
Update on virtual classes, Summer 2025

We are very pleased to conclude the second round of teaching architectural classes on September 4th, 2025. The second round of classes began on April 14, 2025, with an initial enrollment of 45 to 60 students, all young women who had previously been unable to complete their education. In this round, alongside returning students from the first cohort, we welcomed new students who expressed interest in the design program. To support their learning, the team established an advanced capstone class for graduates of the previous session, which also included newly enrolled students. Additionally, intermediate design courses were offered for previous students as well as the new commers.

The faculty includes the following members:

1. Najim Azadzoi, Program Director and AIA
2. Bashir Kazimee, Architecture Professor and AIA
3. Mehdi Sabet, Architecture Professor and AIA
4. Mehrangez Danishwar, Architecture Instructor
5. Tooba Rooshan, Architect
6. Hamayon Ibrahim, Architect.
7. Aziz Ghani, Architect and AIA

Also, Professor Rafi Samizay, Dr Mahmoud Samizay, and Reinhard Goethert participated as external supporters and advocates.

We extend our sincere appreciation to all of them for their support.

Most of our students come from Kabul University and Polytechnic University, with a few from Herat, Mazar, and Jalalabad Universities. Classes were taught every Monday and Wednesday for about 2 hours, starting at 8:00 PM Kabul time, 11:30 AM New York time, and 8:30 AM California time.

In conjunction to design studio, lectures were provided on various aspects of architecture design including, programming, site analysis, space planning, and conceptual design. Each lecture is given with PowerPoint slides, and lasted about an hour. Students were given time to ask questions and express their thoughts.

As the number of students increased and their skill levels varied, we initially divided them into three groups.

Group A: students were selected from architecture graduates or from the upper level of previous design studios. They were assigned a capstone design project focused on the research, evaluation, and analysis of existing modern buildings in Kabul. The course is structured to deepen students’ architectural understanding while enhancing their investigative, analytical, and critical thinking skills. Students will engage in a guided research project, supported by reflective discussions, fieldwork, and peer critique. The course schedule and program were led by Ms. Mehrangez Danishwar while all other faculties participated in teaching and it ran for the duration of 14 weeks.

Group B: The course Capstone that was proposed by Professor Bashir Kazimee, due to the limited time it was not offered in this round and was postpone for next semester.

Group C: This course was designed for 3rd and 4th year students. They were given an assignment to design the Bagh-e-Babur Visitor Center project for the intermediate-level design studio. The project aimed to create a public space that combines exceptional aesthetic value with environmentally sustainable design, serving as a model for how to build a unique and responsible place. The project is programed to serve the visitors of Bagh-e-Babur and exhibit a remarkable, eco-conscious building, seamlessly integrated into the historic garden landscape. The course is taught by Professor Mehdi Sabet for a duration of 12 weeks.

All courses are taught jointly by all faculties, while one of the faculties took the responsibility of leading the class.

In addition, throughout the semester faculties generously supported the students with their financial needs. Students’ Internet monthly fees were paid and those in need of tablets, notebooks, pens, and sketch papers received assistance as well. We receive no funds from any sources, and we will not accept any.

Honoring Pioneer Afghan Women Engineers and Architects

Interview with Arch. Soraya Hessami

BY: Eng. Jalal Masumi and Prof. Bashir Kazimee

Dear Mrs. Soraya Hessami: On behalf of the Society of Afghan Engineers (SAE), we are pleased to conduct this interview with you for publication in the Society’s quarterly eNewsletter. The SAE eNewsletter Editorial Board values the opportunity to feature interviews with accomplished members of our professional community to share their insights and experiences with the broader membership. This serves both as a source of inspiration and as a recognition of their contributions. We sincerely appreciate your time and willingness to participate in this interview.

1. Please share details about your birthplace, primary and secondary education. Include any significant inspirations, memories, or influences from your early family life and schooling or societal conditions that shaped your philosophy and career in your professional life.

I was born in Chindawol district of old Kabul and grew up in Karte 4 and Karte 3. My father owned a business and my mother was a teacher. We were encouraged from early childhood to learn and pursue education. From 1st grade to 12th, I attended Rabia Balkhi School and graduated top of my class in 1969. After graduating, I took the university entrance exam and was admitted to Kabul University.

2. Could you share your university schooling experience and what inspired you to choose architecture as your life’s pursuit, and who were the key figures or mentors that significantly influenced your journey in the field of architecture?

At the university initially I enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine and wanted to be a doctor. However, after a few days, I realized that medicine was not for me. I switched to Faculty of Engineering and enrolled in the Architecture program, where I completed my Bachelor of Science in Architecture degree, 1975. I selected Architecture because I was fascinated by the new modern buildings that were emerging in Kabul at that time. I wanted to someday design similar buildings and be part of the modernization efforts that were going on at that time.

During school years several professors shaped my understanding of architecture and its role in society. Among them were Prof Saraj, Prof Samizay, Prof Farzad, Prof Hallet and Prof Szabo (both visiting professors from the United States of America). I had the opportunity to work on several projects that gave me a better understanding of architecture. Among them were a study of the Old Char-Chata bazaar, Housing in the villages of Afghanistan, studying design elements of the Nuristan Valley and several others.

After graduation, I joined the Ministry of Planning in Kabul, where I worked for 2 years along along with UNDP on several development projects. In 1979, due to changes in the political situation, I left Kabul and moved to the US, where I completed my Master of Architecture degree at Pratt Institute, and advance studies in healthcare facility planning and programming at Columbia University in New York.

3. Could you share with us briefly your professional practice background and key accomplishments in your area of expertise?

In the US, initially I had difficulty finding a job. Most positions that I applied for and interviewed required US degree and US work experience. However, I did not give up and continued my search. After several months, my persistence paid off and I got a job at a major medical facility in New York City and started my career in Architecture.

(a) BI Medical Center, New York
Working inside a medical center provided me the opportunity to learn details of hospital operation, medical equipment, patients and staff’s needs, and building codes and requirements. This led me to focus my career on institutional facilities vs residential and commercial buildings. After 2 years working there, I was recruited by an architecture consulting firm.

(b) Consulting Firms: I worked for 6 years with design firms in New York and Washington DC. (Rosso & Sonders Architects and Metcalfe & Associates). Working in consulting firms gave me the opportunity to move away from day to day operation issues and focus more on overall planning, programming and design of major and complex facilities. I was part of a larger design team and completed design of several major hospitals that included a regional hospital in Michigan and the University of Virginia Medical Center.

(c) Corporations (Marriot Corporation, Bethesda MD, and HCR Manor Care Inc, Silver Spring, MD)
In 1985, I moved from New York to Washington DC area. I joined the health care planning department of major corporations which owned and operated several hundred healthcare facilities across the US. Since the companies owned and operated these facilities, my role expanded to managing all aspects of projects, including site selection, feasibility studies, code compliance, building design, and management of outside consultants and contractors. I developed a prototype design that was used for over hundred sites.

4. I understand that your professional practice focuses on the design of institutional buildings. What inspired you to pursue civic and institutional projects, rather than commercial or residential design?

As I mentioned above, I was introduced to healthcare facilities by my first job in the US. I found the area more challenging and rewarding than other areas such as commerial or residential. Due to development in science and technoloy, healthcare facilities design and planning is constantly changing, creating new opportunities for new concepts and ideas.

5. If you were to design institutional buildings in Afghanistan, how would you incorporate the cultural, social, and historical context of the region into your design.

That is a difficult task. I believe design of a health facility should serve the needs of those who use it and those who work there, i.e. the patients, doctors and nurses. If cultural and local conditions help that cause, they are worth incorporating. I also agree that culture and tradition play an important role in shaping our society and built environment. These essential social values should be given thoughtful consideration to support this cause.

6. What advice would you offer to emerging architects and engineers in Afghanistan who are interested in working in this specialized field?

My one advice would be that healthcare facility design is full of opportunities and challenges. It requires hard work, dedication and creativity. It is also very rewarding and fulfilling if you put in the efforts. Considering the acute shortage and urgent need for healthcare facilities in Afghanistan, I am hopeful that the emerging architects and engineers will specialize in this field to help address these challenges.

7. We understand that at present you are enjoying your golden years of retirement. Please tell us whether despite retirement you are still involved in professional pursuits, if any.

After more than 30 years of work in architecture, I retired to spend time with my family and pursue other interests. I have not been involved in any architecture related activities since retirement. I spend my time with my children and grandchildren. My husband and I like to travel, go hiking and enjoy the “the golden years”.

8. As a pioneer graduate of Architecture from Kabul University, what is the most valuable lesson, and one key piece of advice you would like to pass on, by way of closing remarks?

I have been away from Afghanistan for over 40 years. A lot has changed since I left. Under current circumstances and situation in Afghanistan, I don’t think I am in the position to give them any advice that would be useful. But I consider myself very lucky to have been a pioneer female architecture student in the Kabul University, Faculty of Engineering back then. And, I am deeply saddened that such opportunity currently does not exist for Afghan girls.

In closing I would like to thank you and SAE for giving me this opportunity to share my experiences with your members. I wish you all the best.

Climate Change and Its Impact on Water Resources in Afghanistan: A Comprehensive Review (Part-I of II)

By: Dr. Gul Afghan Saleh

Abstract

Background: Climate change poses a significant threat to global water resources, and Afghanistan is particularly vulnerable due to its arid environment and reliance on seasonal water supplies. Understanding the impact of climate change on water resources in Afghanistan is crucial for developing effective water management strategies.

Objectives: This review aims to synthesize existing research on the effects of climate change on Afghanistan’s water resources, identify critical challenges, and propose potential adaptation strategies.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing studies on climate change projections, hydrological impacts, and water management practices in Afghanistan, focusing on precipitation patterns and temperature variations.

Results: The findings indicate that climate change will likely exacerbate water scarcity in Afghanistan, with significant reductions in snowpack and glacial melt, shifts in seasonal water availability, and increased frequency of droughts. These changes threaten agriculture, drinking water supply, and socio-economic stability.

Conclusions: The review highlights the urgent need for integrated water management strategies that incorporate climate change projections. It emphasizes the importance of adaptive measures, including water conservation, improved irrigation practices, and the development of resilient infrastructure, to mitigate the adverse effects on Afghanistan’s water resources.

Keywords: Climate change, Water resources, Afghanistan, Groundwater conservation, Climate prediction, Disaster risk reduction

Introduction

Climate change significantly affects water resources worldwide, and Afghanistan, with its diverse geography and arid climate, is particularly vulnerable. This study explores the multifaceted effects of climate change on Afghanistan’s water resources, addressing the central research question: How does climate change affect surface water and groundwater resources in Afghanistan, and what strategies can be employed to mitigate these effects?

The study is guided by eight key research questions:
1. Current impacts of climate change on surface water resources in Afghanistan.
2. Effects on groundwater levels and quality.
3. Technologies used for climate prediction and monitoring.
4. Groundwater conservation strategies.
5. Impacts on agriculture.
6. Implications for water and wastewater management.
7. Economic and social impacts.
8. Influence on disaster risk reduction strategies.

This review consolidates recent findings, enhancing the current knowledge base and supporting informed decision-making for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders.

Background and Significance

Afghanistan’s dependence on surface and groundwater for agriculture, drinking water, and essential needs makes understanding and mitigating climate change impacts critical. The country’s arid climate and socio-political instability amplify vulnerabilities related to water scarcity, deteriorating water quality, and agricultural sustainability. This review addresses eight research questions that explore the current and projected impacts on water resources and considers technological advancements crucial for effective adaptation and mitigation strategies.

Literature Review

The literature highlights growing concern over Afghanistan’s vulnerability to climate change. Key themes include:

1. Precipitation Patterns: Climate change has altered precipitation patterns, impacting river flows and hydrological cycles.
2. Technological Advancements: Remote sensing and climate modeling are essential for predicting and mitigating impacts.
3. Transition to a Green Economy: Emphasis on sustainable practices and efficient resource management is a critical area of focus. The shift towards a green economy aims to address the challenges posed by climate change while promoting environmental sustainability.
4. Groundwater Conservation: Effective groundwater conservation strategies are crucial given the significant declines in groundwater levels. Various approaches, including improved management practices and technological solutions, are highlighted to address groundwater depletion.
5. Disaster Risk Reduction: The role of disaster risk reduction in managing climate-induced water challenges is a key theme. Strategies to enhance resilience to extreme weather events and mitigate the impacts of floods and droughts are essential for effective water management.
6. Social and Economic Impacts: The review examines the socio-economic impacts of climate change on water resources, particularly within Afghanistan’s agrarian economy. Reduced water availability affects agricultural productivity, economic stability, and overall livelihood.

The literature review identifies gaps in current research and highlights common areas of agreement. It provides recommendations for future research and policy development to enhance water resource management in Afghanistan.

Overview of Climate Change in Afghanistan

Several studies document the profound impact of climate change on Afghanistan’s environment, particularly on water resources. The country faces severe challenges due to altered weather patterns and precipitation, leading to reduced river flows. Major rivers such as the Kabul and Arghandab have experienced noticeable declines in flow levels, especially during droughts. The timing and volume of water availability have become increasingly unpredictable due to decreased snowmelt and random rainfall. This unpredictability in water availability affects both urban and rural communities, diminishing the reliability of water supplies.

Groundwater, a crucial resource for many Afghans, is also under significant threat. Over-extraction, driven by surface water shortages, has led to a dramatic decline in groundwater levels nationwide. Regions like Herat and Kandahar face alarming drops in water tables, resulting in dried-up wells and contamination of remaining groundwater with rising salinity. This degradation in water quality further challenges agriculture and human consumption, exacerbating an already risky situation.

1. Agricultural Impacts: Agriculture, a cornerstone of Afghanistan’s economy, is experiencing severe impacts due to climate change. The diminishing availability of both surface and groundwater is resulting in lower crop yields, making the country’s agricultural output increasingly susceptible to the erratic climate. Staple crops such as wheat and barley are facing substantial yield declines, threatening food security and introducing economic instability, especially in rural areas where agriculture is a primary livelihood.

The economic and social ramifications extend beyond agriculture. Water scarcity drives up costs in water-dependent sectors and intensifies social tensions as communities compete for limited resources. The migration of rural populations to urban areas in search of better living conditions further strains urban infrastructure and social services. This migration exacerbates challenges in cities already struggling with resource management and social cohesion.

Afghanistan’s water and wastewater management systems are currently inadequate to handle these escalating challenges. Existing infrastructure is stretched thin, struggling to cope with variability in water availability and degradation in water quality. There is an urgent need for modernization and the adoption of more efficient management practices. Advanced irrigation techniques and rainwater harvesting could help alleviate pressure on Afghanistan’s water resources, providing critical support to both agricultural and urban needs.

1. Technological Advancements: Despite limitations, technological advancements are playing a crucial role in addressing the impacts of climate change in Afghanistan. Tools such as remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and climate models are increasingly employed to monitor and predict climate effects. These technologies are invaluable for early warning systems, drought monitoring, and overall resource management. They provide essential data for making informed decisions in a rapidly changing environment, aiding in the development of more effective strategies for managing water resources.

2. Conservation Strategies: In response to the challenges posed by climate change, various conservation strategies are being implemented. Techniques such as rainwater harvesting, efficient irrigation practices and community-based water management programs are being adopted to ensure the sustainable use of Afghanistan’s dwindling water resources. These measures are not only providing immediate relief but also enhancing the long-term resilience of the environment and economy.

3. Disaster Risk Reduction: The increased risk of water-related disasters, such as floods and droughts, underscores the need for robust disaster risk reduction strategies. Strengthening early warning systems, enhancing community resilience, and investing in climate-resilient infrastructure are critical steps to mitigate vulnerability and safeguard the country’s future. Afghanistan’s capacity to adapt to climate changes will significantly influence the sustainability of its water resources and the overall well-being of its population.

4. Temperature Variations and Their Effects: Rising average temperatures and more frequent extreme heat events impact snowmelt and glacial retreat, which are crucial water sources for the region. Accelerated melting reduces the long-term availability of surface water and alters the timing of snowmelt, causing earlier peak flows in rivers during spring and reducing water availability during the crucial summer months when agricultural demand is highest.

Higher temperatures also contribute to the increased frequency and severity of droughts across Afghanistan. Elevated temperatures lead to higher evaporation rates, which, combined with reduced precipitation, exacerbate water shortages. This situation is particularly detrimental to agriculture, as crops are sensitive to temperature fluctuations and water availability. The increased temperature is diminishing crop yields, especially for water-intensive crops like wheat and barley.

Temperature variations also affect groundwater resources. As surface water becomes scarcer, reliance on groundwater increases, leading to unsustainable extraction rates. Higher temperatures also contribute to greater irrigation demand, exacerbating groundwater depletion. This over-extraction, coupled with reduced recharge due to lower precipitation, is causing a significant decline in groundwater levels.

1. Implications for Water Availability: The interplay of altered precipitation patterns and rising temperatures is causing significant changes in water availability in Afghanistan. These climatic shifts are resulting in notable reductions in snowpack and modifications in river flows. The annual average area covered by snow in critical regions, such as the Panjshir River basin, is steadily declining. This trend is expected to persist throughout the 21st century, impacting water availability significantly.

The reduction in snow cover has direct implications for river flows, particularly during the dry season when water is already scarce. The timing of snowmelt is shifting, causing earlier peak flows in rivers during spring. This shift poses a challenge for water management, as it leads to reduced water availability during the critical summer months when demands for irrigation and other uses are at their peak.

Current Water Management Practices

Current water management practices in Afghanistan face significant challenges due to an increasingly erratic climate, outdated methods, and inefficient management systems. Traditional irrigation methods like the centuries-old Karez system, which has sustained communities for centuries, now struggle to meet modern agricultural demands because of reduced and variable water flows. These methods are not equipped to handle contemporary climate challenges.

Groundwater management practices present significant issues. Over-extraction, driven by inadequate surface water supplies, leads to unsustainable depletion of groundwater resources. This is especially worrying in regions where groundwater is the primary source for agriculture and drinking purposes. The lack of effective regulation, monitoring, and institutional capacity exacerbates the problem, threatening the long-term sustainability of this crucial resource.

The integration of advanced technologies and modern water management practices is limited. Tools like remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are available but not widely adopted. These technologies are crucial for monitoring water resources, predicting droughts, and managing water distribution more effectively. However, their adoption is hindered by a lack of technical expertise and financial resources, limiting the capacity of water management systems to respond to rapidly changing climate conditions.

Institutional and policy frameworks governing water management are also underdeveloped. There is a lack of cohesive policies addressing climate change realities. Existing policies are often fragmented and fail to recognize the interconnected nature of water resources across agriculture, urban water supply, and environmental conservation. This fragmented approach hampers efforts to implement effective water management strategies that can adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Afghanistan also faces significant limitations in public awareness and community engagement regarding sustainable water use. Many communities continue to rely on unsustainable water practices due to a lack of education and outreach efforts that could promote water conservation and the adoption of more efficient practices. These disconnections between policy initiatives and on-the-ground practices further complicate efforts to improve water management.

Overall, while there are some efforts to modernize and adapt water management practices, they are insufficient given the scale of climate change challenges. Existing strategies are constrained by outdated infrastructure, inadequate regulation and monitoring, poor integration of modern technologies, and a lack of cohesive policy frameworks. Addressing these limitations is crucial for ensuring the long-term sustainability of Afghanistan’s water resources amidst ongoing and future climate challenges.

1. Gaps and Unresolved Issues: Despite the wealth of studies addressing the impacts of climate change on water resources, several gaps remain. One major issue is the lack of detailed, localized studies that can inform regional water management practices. More localized and detailed research is needed to understand how climate change impacts vary across different regions of Afghanistan and to tailor water management strategies accordingly. Additionally, the interaction between socioeconomic factors and climate-driven water scarcity has not been thoroughly explored. Understanding how socioeconomic conditions affect and are affected by water scarcity will provide more actionable insights for developing effective adaptation strategies.

2. Increased Evapotranspiration and Water Stress: A significant concern is the projected increase in evapotranspiration, which is likely to intensify Afghanistan’s already severe water stress. This issue is exacerbated by the expected rise in the frequency and intensity of heat waves, which are predicted to worsen water scarcity, particularly in the agricultural sector. The combined effects of higher evapotranspiration and extreme heat are placing immense pressure on existing water management strategies, necessitating a more robust approach to adaptation and mitigation.

3. Challenges in the Kabul Basin: In the Kabul Basin, specific difficulties related to water availability and wastewater management are becoming more pronounced, especially in the context of rapid population growth. Climate change is exacerbating these issues, creating a complex set of challenges for water resource management. One critical gap identified is the lack of effective institutional and legislative frameworks. These gaps hinder the implementation of integrated approaches, such as Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), which are essential for addressing the multifaceted nature of these challenges.

4. Economic and Social Impacts: The economic and social impacts of water scarcity in Afghanistan are substantial. Kabul Basin, in particular, is expected to experience a dramatic increase in water demand by 2057 due to population growth. This increased demand is likely to coincide with a reduction in water availability caused by climate change, potentially leading to significant economic and social impacts. Agriculture, which is highly dependent on a consistent water supply, is especially vulnerable. Anticipated water shortages could heighten competition for resources and lead to potential conflicts within communities.

Recommendations for Future and Policy

To address these challenges, there is a critical need for the development of climate-resilient strategies, particularly in water management and agriculture. Modernizing wastewater treatment infrastructure to handle anticipated reductions in water availability and adopting integrated approaches like Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) are essential steps. The integration of IWRM with Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) could address existing institutional and legislative gaps in Afghanistan’s water sector. Additionally, modernizing water and wastewater infrastructure is crucial to managing the dual pressures of reduced water availability and increasing demand. Ensuring that water resources are managed sustainably and minimizing contamination risks are fundamental to this effort.

1. The Role of Foreign Assistance: Reports emphasize the importance of foreign assistance as a key factor in helping Afghanistan modernize its water management systems. International support can provide the necessary resources and expertise to implement changes that address these growing challenges. Foreign assistance can also facilitate the adoption of more resilient management strategies and technologies, contributing to the overall sustainability of Afghanistan’s water resources.

2. Materials and Methods: This study employed a qualitative analysis methodology to examine climate change impacts on Afghanistan’s water resources. This involved a systematic review and synthesis of literature from various sources. The methodology included literature selection, analysis and synthesis techniques, data integration, and considerations of challenges and limitations.

This structured approach ensured a comprehensive analysis focused on the study’s specific research questions. Thematic and comparative analysis, alongside consideration of data limitations and geopolitical factors, provided a multi-perspective and balanced understanding of climate change impacts on Afghanistan’s water resources.

The literature selection and review process focused on relevance to the research questions, prioritizing studies from the last two decades. Sources included peer-reviewed articles, government reports, international publications, thesis papers, and studies specific to South Asia and Afghanistan. Academic databases like Google Scholar, JSTOR, ResearchGate, and Web of Science, along with organizational databases from the World Bank, UNEP, and FAO, were utilized. Studies directly addressing climate change impacts on water resources in Afghanistan were included, while broader or less relevant studies were excluded.

A thematic analysis was used to categorize and synthesis findings, covering impacts on surface and groundwater, agricultural implications, and technological advancements. Global studies provided context for comparing Afghanistan’s situation, highlighting unique challenges and opportunities. Gap analysis identified areas needing further research, particularly in policy development and socio-economic impacts.

Both quantitative and qualitative data were integrated to offer a comprehensive view of climate change impacts. Trends were analyzed to assess the progression of climate impacts and strategy effectiveness. Challenges related to data availability and quality in Afghanistan were acknowledged and addressed by incorporating a wide range of sources and cross-referencing findings. The geopolitical context was considered, recognizing the influence of socio-political factors on data collection and interpretation.

Discussions and Results

1. Impacts on Surface and Groundwater:
2. Surface Water: Climate change is significantly altering hydrological cycles in Afghanistan, causing changes in precipitation patterns and increased evaporation rates. The literature consistently reports reduced surface water flow, impacting rivers and lakes.

3. Groundwater: Groundwater resources face severe stress due to climate change and unsustainable extraction practices. Declining recharge rates and deteriorating groundwater quality, including increased salinity and pollution, are major concerns.

4. Technological Advances and Climate Prediction:

5. Technological Tools: Advancements in remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and climate modeling have significantly improved climate prediction accuracy. These tools are crucial for monitoring changes in water levels, temperature, and precipitation patterns, supporting effective water management strategies.

6. Early Warning Systems (EWS): Essential for disaster risk reduction, Early Warning Systems help mitigate the impacts of floods and droughts.

7. Groundwater Conservation and Sustainable Practices:

8. Conservation Techniques: Groundwater conservation is critical under changing climatic conditions. Techniques such as artificial recharge, sustainable extraction practices, and protecting recharge zones are vital for maintaining groundwater levels.

9. Implementation Challenges: Afghanistan faces significant challenges in implementing these strategies, including insufficient infrastructure, financial constraints, and limited public awareness. Addressing these challenges is crucial for effective groundwater management.

10. Agricultural Impacts and Adaptation Strategies:

11. Agricultural Productivity: Climate change impacts agriculture by altering growing seasons, increasing irrigation needs, and spreading pests and diseases. Adaptation strategies, including drought-resistant crops and efficient irrigation systems, are essential for maintaining food security.

12. Transition to a Green Economy: Globally, there is a push towards a green economy with sustainable practices. In Afghanistan, socio-economic factors like limited access to technology and financial resources hinder this transition. Nonetheless, adopting sustainable agricultural and water management practices is crucial for mitigating climate change effects.

13. Economic and Social Implications:

14. Water Scarcity and Social Tensions: Water scarcity profoundly impacts livelihoods, food security, and social stability, exacerbating competition for limited resources and undermining economic development. Integrated water management approaches that consider socio-economic contexts and promote equitable access are needed.

15. Risk Management and Disaster Reduction:

16. Comprehensive Risk Management: Effective strategies are essential for mitigating climate change impacts, including developing comprehensive water management plans, resilient infrastructure, and community preparedness. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Early Warning Systems (EWS) are crucial for minimizing the adverse effects of natural disasters like floods, droughts, and landslides.

Conclusion

The profound impacts of climate change on Afghanistan’s water resources highlight a pressing need for strategic intervention. This review synthesizes findings from various studies to underscore the significant and multifaceted challenges facing the country. Key trends identified include a notable decline in precipitation and rising temperatures, both of which are critically altering water availability and distribution.

Key Findings:
1. Precipitation and Snowpack Declines: Afghanistan is experiencing reduced winter snowfall and altered precipitation patterns. This trend is leading to decreased water flows in rivers and lakes, affecting agriculture, hydropower, and drinking water supplies. Accelerated glacial melt, although temporarily increasing water availability, poses a long-term threat to water storage capacity.
2. Groundwater Stress: Groundwater resources are under severe pressure due to reduced recharge rates and contamination from pollutants. The deterioration in groundwater quality and the decline in levels, particularly in the Kabul Basin, highlight the urgent need for improved groundwater management and conservation strategies.
3. Technological Advancements: While technologies such as remote sensing and climate modeling have improved our understanding of climate impacts, their implementation in Afghanistan is still emerging. Enhanced data collection and integration of these technologies into water management practices are crucial for more accurate predictions and effective resource management.
4. Agricultural and Economic Impacts: The reduction in water availability due to climate change is adversely affecting agricultural productivity and food security. This is compounded by deteriorating water quality and changing snowmelt patterns, which further strain agricultural outputs and contribute to economic instability.
5. Wastewater Management and Infrastructure: Climate change is complicating water and wastewater management, necessitating upgrades to infrastructure and improved water use efficiency. Integrated management strategies, such as IWRM and SEA are essential for maintaining sustainable water supplies and sanitation services.
6. Socio-Economic and Displacement Issues: The economic and social consequences of water scarcity include increased costs for water treatment, potential loss of livelihoods, and heightened conflicts over resources. Communities face severe water shortages, leading to health issues and potential migration driven by these challenges.

Recommendations:
1. Adaptation Strategies: Policymakers and stakeholders must prioritize the development of resilient water management practices. This includes investing in efficient infrastructure for water capture and storage, improving irrigation techniques, and promoting water conservation.
2. Research and Data Collection: Addressing the identified research gaps, particularly localized studies and the integration of socio-economic factors, is essential for developing targeted adaptation strategies. Enhanced data collection and localized research will help refine projections and guide effective interventions.
3. International Cooperation: Stronger international support and cooperation are crucial for building the capacity of local institutions. Assistance in modernizing water management systems and implementing adaptive strategies will be vital for addressing the challenges posed by climate change.
4. Community Engagement: Involving local communities in water management and conservation efforts is critical. Education and outreach programs can enhance public awareness and encourage the adoption of sustainable practices.

Dr. Gul Afghan Saleh’s Biography

Dr. Gul Afghan Saleh is a seasoned engineering and urban planning expert with over 30 years of distinguished experience in infrastructure development, construction management, and project leadership. A licensed Professional Engineer (PE), Project Management Professional (PMP), and Certified Construction Manager (CCM), he holds a Ph.D. in Urban Planning and Design. Currently serving as Chief Inspector for Virginia American Water in Alexandria through Gannett Fleming TranSystems, Dr. Saleh has led major U.S. projects, including National Park Service restorations and the Transform I-66 Public-Private Partnership. Prior to relocating to the U.S. in 2014, he directed donor-funded infrastructure initiatives across Afghanistan for USAID, UNODC, and WFP, managing projects valued up to $300 million in the energy and water sectors. Dr. Saleh is a passionate advocate for professional development, serving as President of ASCE’s Bull Run Branch and Board Member of its Virginia Section. He founded Gul Engineering PLLC and has held leadership roles in Afghan engineering societies. As a UN-certified trainer and mentor with UNITAR, he has guided professionals in Afghanistan and Iraq, leaving a lasting legacy of empowerment and excellence. His career reflects a deep commitment to sustainable development, ethical leadership, and global mentorship.

A Comparison of Property Rights in the United States of America (USA) and Afghanistan

By: Hamida Miller, Engineer, Real Estate Certified Staff Appraiser

Introduction

“Back home in Afghanistan, property descriptions often sound like a family reunion. Description of a plot of land on the deed of sale (Qabala as it is called) reads like this:

‘Abbas lives to the right, Ismaheal to the left, Kamal in the back…’

Problem is, Abbas moved to Canada, Ismaheal passed away, and Kamal? Nobody knows!”

“From ‘Abbas lives on the right’ to GPS Coordinates: A Journey in Property Rights”

This paper attempts to (1) compare the structure and secure methodology established in the United States versus the loosely defined approach in Afghanistan, relating to practices governing real estate property rights, and (2) how to bridge the gap.

In the United States, I can pull up the deed, lot size, survey, easements, even air rights! Everything is recorded, mapped, measured. Your property is your legal fortress.

While both countries technically have “deeds” and “record keeping”, in the United States a trusted legal system governs the process, whereas in Afghanistan a fragmented, often corrupt, and unreliable system operates. This is one big reason property disputes are so prevalent in Afghanistan.

In Kabul, even with a recorded Sanad/Qabala, multiple authorities (courts, ministries, even warlords or powerful figures) could issue conflicting deeds for the same property. Archives were often destroyed in wars, meaning even “recorded” deeds could be lost, altered, or duplicated. Bribery and corruption were common, a powerful person could still register land in their own name.

Property Rights in the USA

In the United States, Property Rights Appraised indicates the type of ownership. Most property is owned as “Fee Simple” which is the term used indicating full ownership with no contingencies on that ownership. Leasehold indicates that someone other than the Buyer owns the land and the Borrower owns only the improvements or house and pays rent on the land the house is on.

In the U.S., property descriptions and measurements are legally defined using a few main systems. Three primary systems are used: The Metes and Bounds System, the Lot and Block System, and the Rectangular Survey System (also called Public Land Survey System (PLSS) or Government Survey System).

1. Metes and Bounds System: Describes land using physical features and directions: trees, rivers, roads, or survey markers. Uses bearings (N/S/E/W) and distances (“metes” = measurements, “bounds” = boundaries).
2. Lot and Block System (Plat Map System): Common in subdivisions and cities. Land is surveyed, subdivided, and mapped into lots and blocks. Reference is made to a recorded plat map in the county records.
3. Public Land Survey System (PLSS) – Rectangular Survey: Uses a grid of townships and ranges. A Township is 6 miles by 6 miles. Each township is divided into 36 sections of 1 square mile (640 acres) each.

Property Rights in Afghanistan

Contrast the above approach used in the United States with the current situation in Afghanistan:
* Ownership was often based on customs, tribal authority, or religious leaders rather than central records.
* Many deeds were handwritten, sometimes kept at local mosques or with community elders, making them easy to forge or dispute.
* Multiple systems coexisted: ‘Qabala’ (private contract/sale agreement) and ‘Sanad’ (formal legal title deed issued by courts).
* Decades of war destroyed archives and created overlapping claims.

Recommendations

A. Community Land Mapping: Teach villagers to draw simple, clear hand-maps of land boundaries using landmarks with names and agreements signed by neighbors.
B. GPS + Phone Photos = Digital Proof: Use basic GPS apps and smartphone photos to document land boundaries as unofficial digital records.
C. Youth-Led “Village Registrar” Teams: Document property ownership stories from elders and store them in notebooks or basic cloud-based files.
D. Shura-Based Property Agreements: Encourage village elders or the local “Shura” (council) to act as unofficial property dispute mediators and record keepers.

Eng. Hamida Miller’s Biography

I, Hamida Miller, have a B.S. degree from Kabul University, School of Engineering, Department of Architecture, in 1982 and began my career with Water and Power Engineering Company of Afghanistan, until 1985. In 1985, I left Afghanistan and came to the United States. I worked for several engineering companies including Urban engineering, Dewberry and Davis and Lee Kendrick. In 2004, I transitioned to real estate, initially working for Long & Foster and later at Weichert Realtors as an associate broker. From 2014 to the present, I have owned my own real estate company as HM Realty Group, LLC. in Virginia. From 2009-2012, I spent three years in Afghanistan working as an analyst and quality control specialist. Since then, I have continued working as an analyst with the State Department until now. In 2019 I started to work as a certified staff appraiser with Bruce & Reyle, a commercial and residential appraisal company in Fairfax, Virginia.

A Hidden Architectural and Historic Treasure: Qala-e-Bost

By: Arch. Tooba Roshan

Introduction

Among Afghanistan’s architectural marvels is Qala-e Bost, also known as Bost Castle. This architectural and cultural icon stands as a silent sentinel on the suburbia of Lashkar Gah in Afghanistan’s Helmand Province. Historians agree the structure was built approximately 3,000 years ago. Its strategic location near the junction of the Helmand and Arghandab rivers highlights its monumental importance. During the Islamic Middle Ages, the fortress served as a winter capital and a strategic military and commercial center for the Ghaznavid and Ghori empires.

Historic Significance of Qala-e-Bost

Qala-e-Bost has origins dating back over 3,000 years to the pre-Islamic era, with archaeological evidence suggesting occupation from at least the first millennium BCE. It developed as a strategic military and commercial center controlling a major trade route near the Helmand River. The fortress and the city of Bost flourished significantly during the Islamic Middle Ages. The ruins at Bost contain remnants from various periods, including influences from the Greco-Bactrian, Kushan, and later Islamic empires.

Key Features, Structures, and Architecture

The most recognizable feature of the Qala-e-Bost is its Ghurid-era arch, which is depicted on the 100 Afghani note. It is a masterpiece of architectural design featuring intricate decoration, including floral arabesques and geometric motifs. Extensive ruins of the ancient city surround the fort, and excavations have revealed complex underground passages, including a deep well with a spiral staircase. Early fortifications were constructed using mud and baked brick. Restoration efforts are underway to preserve the site and promote tourism.

Arch. Tooba Roshan Biography

After finishing Zarghoona High School in Kabul, I attended the Faculty of Engineering, Department of Architecture in 1979. In 1983, I moved from Kabul to the U.S. In 2000, we founded AR Architecture Group, providing architecture service in Maryland and Virginia. In 2015, we expanded our service to design build and added TR Construction Group to our firm. Today I am the Principal Designer at AR Architecture – TR Construction Group. We design and build custom homes, restaurants, shopping centers, and assisted living facilities. I received my Associate’s degree from Anne Arundel Community College, and in 2009, I received my Bachelor’s degree in architecture and interior design from Howard University. I am the Vice President of Society of Afghan Engineers and Faculty Member with Afghan Architecture Studio.

Readers’ Comments and Responses

Comment: Reinhard Geothert
Just read your Newsletter – Impressed with the 57 pages! I liked the interviews, but I would be very interested where the people ended up. Still in Kabul, or in the US? I wonder if AI can be played with? Perhaps try it on one of the tech articles?

Response: Bashir Kazimee, AIA
Regarding Eng. Feda’s interview, he is currently living in the U.S. and is actively involved in improving education in Afghanistan through his organization, Afghan Education for a Better Tomorrow (AEBT). I appreciate your suggestions for improving the newsletter.

Comment: Eng. Abdul Mobin Ezzat
Thanks for sharing the newsletter. Appreciate it.

Comment: Ahmad Walid Howaida
Appreciate your hard work and efforts.

Comment: Zabih Zaca
Thanks for your hard work and dedication. Name of late Hasani Saheb still is on this list, and needs to remove it.

Comment: Ghulam M. Feda
I would like to express my sincere thanks to the SAE for featuring my interview. It is a privilege to be included among the distinguished professionals whose work is helping shape a better future for Afghanistan.

Job Opportunities

Planate Management Group is pleased to list the current job opportunities for the upcoming period. Interested candidates may contact the recruitment manager directly.

• Licensed Electrician (Iraq)
• Senior Construction Representative (Kentucky)
• Remote Fire Protection Engineer (BEI)
• Engineering Technician (Nevada)
• Construction Inspector (Bay Pines, FL)
• Construction Manager (Bay Pines, FL)
• Mechanical Engineer (Nevada)
• Space Manager (Nevada)

Contact:
Ed Perito, CRSP
Recruitment Supervisor
Planate Management Group
www.planate.com

The Society of Afghan Engineers Office Holders

SAE Executive Committee Members:
* President: Jalal Masumi
* Vice President: Tooba Roshan
* Treasurer: Mahjan Saleh
* Secretary: Gul Afghan Saleh

SAE Board of Directors-Officers:
* Chairman: A. Manan Khalid, P.E.
* Vice-Chairman: Ghulam Mujtaba

SAE Board of Directors:
Ghulam Mujtaba, Sharif Hossainy, Manan Khalid, Yar Mohabbat, Amanullah Mommandi, Hadi Rakin, Hashim Baluch, Ghulam Feda, and Zabi Zaca

SAE Past Presidents:
Najim Azadzoi, Atiq Panjshiri, Ghulam Mujtaba, Abdul Hadi Rakin, M. Quasem Kadir, Mohammed Hashim Rayek, Ahmad Wali Shairzay, Sohaila Sanie Shekib, and Malik Mortaza

SAE Representative in Afghanistan:
Ahmad Walid Howaida

SAE eNewsletter Editorial Board:
* Editor-in-Chief: Bashir Kazimee, AIA
* Members: Dr. Gul Afghan Saleh, A. Manan Khalid, and Eng. Amanullah Mommandi